bladder cancer info

Kidney cancer: Kidneys are the most important organs which are useful in removing waste from blood. Kidneys are located in the either side of the spine. These are part of urinary tract.  Kidneys control the production of red blood cells and blood pressure of the body.

Cancer occurs in the kidney cells, generally cells are the building blocks of tissues which builds organs. These cells divide and multiply when the body requires them. During this process old cells are replaced by new one and old one gets die, this is the life cycle of the cells. If this life process goes wrong then there will be unusual growth in the cells and forms mass tissue which is named as tumor.

Tumors are of two types, they are as follows:

Benign tumor Malignant tumor

Benign tumor: This tumor is not cancerous. They can be treated easily. They don’t spread to other parts of the body.

Malignant tumor: This tumor is cancerous, they causes damage to the adjacent organs by spreading the cancer cells at high rate. The cells in this tumor invade the distant organs and forms new tumors through blood flow or by lymphatic system.

Kidney cancer is named in many ways like Hypernephroma, Renal adenocarcinoma and renal cell cancer. Kidney cancer generally occurs in the inner lining of tiny tubes inside the kidneys. Kidney cancer mostly occurs in the adults who are over 40 years of age.

Causes of kidney cancer:

Smoking: This activity is the major risk factor in causing cancer. Smoking leads to lung cancer and also causes several side effects like digestion problem, burning sensation, headache and site blindness. So avoid smoking to prevent cancer from occurrence.

Alcohol: Taking of alcohols will reduce the performance of body immune system which increases the risk factors.

Obesity: Obesity increases the chances of having kidney cancer due to decrease in immune rate in the body system.

Diabetes: Diabetes leads to the occurrence of this cancer disease due to insulin dependency at high rate.

These are the driving factors that can improve the chance of occurring kidney cancer.

Symptoms of kidney cancer:

Blood in the urine Loss of weight Presence of lump in the abdomen Pain in the abdomen region Appetite failure.

There is a chance of causing several cancers in the kidney. Renal cell cancer is the most common type of kidney cancer. It generally occurs in adults. Renal cell cancer is also called as adenocarcinoma or hypernephroma.There is another type of kidney cancer which is called as transitional cell carcinoma, this cancer makes severe damage to the renal pelvis, the lower part of the abdomen region. This kind of kidney cancer is similar to bladder cancer. Kidney cancer in children is called as Wilms tumor. This cancer is entirely different from adult kidney cancer and the treatment for this type of cancer is entirely different.

Kidney cancer can spread through out the body, they can spread to liver, bones or lungs. If one kidney affected by cancer cells other kidney can also be effected. The nearby lymph nodes will be affected by the cancer cells. Spreading of cancer cells is termed as metastasizes. If the liver is affected by the kidney cancer cells then the disease is called as metastatic kidney cancer, not liver cancer.

Treatment for Kidney cancer: Generally for every cancer treatment following factors are considered like age, health condition and the stage of the cancer. By considering these factors the treatment is carried.

The best way to treat kidney cancer is by:

Surgery: Surgery is carried to remove the kidney cancer tumor. Surgery can be carried in the early stages of the tumor occurrence. Surgery is taken place only if the cancer is located in only one part of the body. During the surgery process the damaged lymph nodes are also removed along with the tumor. This surgery process depends on the location, area and size of the tumor. If the severity of this disease increases, one of the effected kidneys will be removed.

Radiotherapy: Radiotherapy is also a useful process in removing cancer cells by using high energy x-rays. These high energy x-rays are aimed at the cancer affected part to destroy the cancer cells in kidney.

Chemotherapy or Biological therapy: Chemotherapy drugs are called as anti-cancer drugs used to destroy cancer cells .There are many types of Chemotherapy drugs available in the market for the treatment of cancer. These drugs are available in the form of pills but mostly given by drip into the blood veins. Chemotherapeutic drugs attacks the cancer cells by stopping their unusual growth. The nature of the cancer cells were brought to the normal condition by controlling the divisibility of the cells. These drugs are carried in the bloodstream to kill destroy all the cancer cells within short period of time.

This cancer chemotherapy drug can be given at either clinic or at home. The usage of this drug can be daily, weekly or monthly depending on the stage of the cancer and by body immune system. Chemotherapy treatment is given by considering the following basis like age, gender, drug toxicity and body weight. The dosage and usability should be carried under proper supervision.

Kidney cancer is related to the family of malignant tumor, it should be treated in the early stages of occurrence. Kidney cancer cells spread through out the body and causes risk factors in the later stages. So, try to avoid taking smoking and alcohols to prevent kidney cancer

Breast cancer: Breast cancer is the common type of cancer mostly found in women. This breast cancer occurs due to the abnormality growth of lump (mammogram) in the breast or due to rapid change in the consistency of breast tissue leads to breast cancer. Due to the increase in medical treatments and advanced screening techniques the death rate of breast cancer reduced to 20 percent.Breast cancer  causes lung , brain and bone cancer due to metastatic cancer cells.

Breast cancer is a combination of several diseases with different types of causes, symptoms and treatments. It is of many types, in which abnormal growth of cells is common in all of them. Cells are the basic unit of life, they grow and divide into more cells when the body requires them. These cells forms the tissues and then organs, they are the building blocks of the body system. If there is an abnormal growth and division of cells without any controlling limit, then it results in forming tumor (excess tissue) in the body.

When the breast cancer cells spreads from the lymph nodes, they cause severe damage to other parts of the body. The most common parts are brain, liver, lungs and bones. The new tumor produced in the other part contains same characteristics of primary one. For examples if the breast cancer is spreads to the liver then the cancer is termed as metastatic breast cancer but not as liver cancer.

Causes of breast cancer: The main cause for breast cancer is not identified but the risk factors for the breast cancer are identified and here is the list.

Risk factors for breast cancer:

• Age: Age plays key role in defining breast cancer. People with above 40 will generally face this problem.

• Gender: Breast cancer occurs mostly to women. Only 1 percent of men face this problem.

•Family history: Breast cancer can be transmitted by the family hereditary. So please take regular checkups for reducing the risk factor of having breast cancer.

•Gene changes: Gene changes will increase the risk factor of having breast cancer. Changes in gene’s like BRCA1 and BRCA2 causes breast cancer. So have a checkup by your health care provider to reduce the risk.

•Lack of physical activity: Yes lack of physical activity increases the chances of having breast cancer in woman due to excess fat storage in the breast lymph nodes .Going for regular workout will reduces the risk of having breast cancer.

•Being overweight: Being over weight resembles weak immune system. So, women with obesity problems have more chances to fallen for breast cancer.

•Smoking/Alcohols: Smoking of tobacco and drinking of alcohol increases the risk factors for sure. So please avoid them.

•Breast density: Due to dense breast tissue the chances of having breast cancer increases.

• Diethylstilbestrol: women who take this DES (Diethylstilbestrol) during pregnancy period will have more chances in getting breast cancer. So avoid taking DES.

•Radiation therapy: Women who take radiation therapy on chest in the young age have more chances to face gynecologic cancer after 40 years of age.

Symptoms of Breast cancer: These are the common symptoms that appear in the breast cancer woman.

• Change in nipple size.
• Change in feeling of nipple
• Nipple tenderness
• Thickening of the breast area
• Change in shape of the breast
• Nipple discharge
• Swelling in the breast part
• Breast infections.

Treatment of Breast cancer:

Surgery: Surgery is the most common type of treatment followed to remove the cancer tumor. Depending upon the severity of the breast cancer, operation process is decided by the doctor.

Breast sparing surgery: This operation is carried to remove only the breast tumor but not the entire breast. So, this operation is named as breast-sparing surgery. The doctor also makes a small incision to know whether the cells have entered the lymphatic system.After this treatment process, the patient is taken for radiotherapy to kill the remaining cancer cells.

Mastectomy: Here in this operation process the entire breast is removed .This operation process is carried to remove the entire breast or much of the breast tissue along with lymph nodes. After this operation process the patient will go for radiotherapy for the complete destruction of cancer cells.

Chemotherapy: This treatment is given in the early stages of occurrence. Chemotherapy is one of the treatment methods useful in killing cancer causing cells by the usage of drugs. This treatment process is carried by either pills or through intravascular injections. The anti-cancer drug enters into the bloodstream and travels towards the damaged tissues and destroys the caner cells.Chemotherapeutic drugs attacks the cancer cells by stopping their unusual growth. The nature of the cancer cells were brought to the normal condition by controlling the divisibility of the cells. These drugs are carried in the bloodstream to kill destroy all the cancer cells within short period of time.

This cancer chemotherapy drug can be given at either clinic or at home. The usage of this drug can be daily, weekly or monthly depending on the stage of the cancer and body immune system. Chemotherapy treatment is given by considering the following basis like age, gender, drug toxicity and body weight. The dosage and usability should be carried under proper supervision.

Radiotherapy: Radiotherapy is a useful process for removing cancer cells by using high intensity x-ray beams. These high energy x-rays are aimed at the cancer affected part of the breast tissue to destroy the cancer cells in it. This process also causes damage to the normal cells for its side effects. There are two types of radiotherapy treatments they are.

• External Radiations: Radiations are given from the outer side of the breast by aiming at the effected part.

• Internal Radiations: Radiations are passed into the body by making some small incisions in the breast area. This treatment gives better results than the external radiation therapy.

Biological Therapy: Due to weak immune system in the body, there are chances for the development of breast cancer. So this Biotherapy treatment process is useful in rebuilding strong immune system in the body. Biotherapy is also called as immunotherapy or biological response modifier therapy. This treatment process is really useful in repairing, enhancing and stimulating the weak immune system of the body. This process can be carried along with surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Breast cancer is treated as a serious problem due to its effects. Bladder cancer can spread to other parts of the body .Surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy are the best treatment methods for curing breast cancer.

Prostate cancer is the most diagnosed cancer and is the common cause of cancer deaths among men. The sad fact about this is that most men do not realize that they acquire this killer disease until it has already spread. This type of cancer spreads rapidly but it can be prevented earlier once you know the prostate cancer symptoms you have to watch out for.
Having prostate cancer can affect your overall wellness. It can stop you from doing activities you normally do. It can affect your relationship with other people and even your sex life. Most prostate cancer patients failed to recognize prostate cancer symptoms earlier that they often found out too late. Luckily, you can avoid being one of them by keeping yourself well informed about this dreaded ailment. 

Just like other diseases, prostate cancer has several symptoms. Though older men from 50 years old and above are prone to it, still it helps to know the signs of this killer disease earlier in life. Below are five prostate cancer symptoms you need to be aware of for early detection of the killer disease.

1. Difficulties during urination
Top on the list among the prostate cancer symptoms is urinary difficulties. Since the bladder and the prostate are close to each other, the tumors that grow on the prostate press the bladder causing difficulty in urinating. This is the most obvious among prostate cancer symptoms.

2. Presence of blood in the urine
The presence of blood during urination is one of the prostate cancer symptoms you must know. When the patient is already experiencing this, it is now advisable for him to go to his doctor. Though, this doesn’t necessarily mean that one has already cancer since some of the urinary tract infections also experience the same symptom, an early check up is still advisable.

3. Difficulties during erection
Prostate cancer symptoms include difficulties during erection. This kind of cancer affects the sexual life of the patient. He gets the inability to get and maintain an erection. Sometimes he experiences painful ejaculation. The prostate is a part of the male reproductive system so it is only normal that symptoms may affect other sex organs. If you have been experiencing the same scenario, you might as well see your doctor to be diagnosed instead of waiting for other prostate cancer symptoms.

4. Legs start to swell
Perhaps, you may wonder why swelling of the legs is considered as one of the many prostate cancer symptoms. Well, as the disease continues to grow, it will also spread to the lymph nodes. When this happens, legs begin to swell. Sometimes, the swelling also cause hips and buttocks to experience severe pain.

5. Pelvic discomfort
Prostate cancer symptoms like having severe discomfort on the pelvis, roots from having affected lymph nodes. The nodes squeeze the pelvis causing pain. To prevent prostate cancer, the five early prostate cancer symptoms should be taken into consideration. Consult your doctor immediately once you experience these symptoms for treatments. It is the best way to fight prostate cancer before it gets worse.

Cancer is a disease where abnormal cell divide uncontrollably also known as carcinoma or malignant tumor,it can develop in almost all organs in your body this are colon, lungs, breast, skin and even bones.it also goes with gender because common cancer in men are prostrate,lung and colon cancer while in women are breast,colon and lung cancer.

Cancer is caused by pesticides used in agriculture and homestead,such that as you protect yourself from malaria you are causing more harm in your body.other causes are radiation(UVL), sunlight,smoking(tobacco), benzene,some virus and poisonous mushroom mostly found in peanut plant.but causes of many cancer still remain unknown.

Diet play a big role because you find gastric cancer very common in Japan,also in part of Africa where most people consume fast food chicken that are injected to mature in a month.However report shows that the most fatal one globally is lung cancer.Recently studies and reports shows how our society as a whole has grown heavier and chubbier,this being one of cause of cancer.

Other type of cancer are kidney, skin, brain, cervical, intestinal, leukemia, liver, ovarian,pancreatic and Hodgkin’s lymphoma cancer.symptoms of cancer vary with location of tumor,like lung cancer cause coughing,shortness of breath or even chest pain.Colon cancer on the other hand causes diarrhea, constipation, and blood in the stool.

Did you know some cancers may not have any symptoms at all.while others like gallbladder cancer, symptoms often do not start until the disease has reached an advanced stage.Common general symptom are unplanned weight loss,malaise,loss of appetite,fever, persistent fatigue ,sweating at night,change of skin and chills.

Lung cancer symptoms are very elusive and misleading. Mostly the condition is diagnosed only after having reached advanced stages. As of now there is no screening procedure for lung cancer. Symptoms are almost non existent where lung cancer is concerned.

There might be a mild cough or shortness of breath that can also be attributed to some respiratory infections. This is the main reason as to why most of the lung cancer cases go undiagnosed in the early stages. Only a meagre 16% of the cases are diagnosed early enough to facilitate treatment and cure.

Some of the symptoms that we can investigate are as follows:

1-A new persistent cough that refuses to go away. Smokers usually have cough but if they have cancer the severity of the cough would be different.

2-Chest pain is another indication that usually goes unnoticed. The pain can deepen with difficulty in breathing accompanied with cough or laugh.

3-The throat is hoarse and when accompanied with wheezing can indicate inflammation of the lungs which could be cancer.

4-There is gradual loss of weight due to loss of appetite.

5-Hemoptysis or coughing up blood is a sure indication of cancer. The coughed up phlegm would be rust colored showing the presence of blood.

6-The patient can suffer from shortness of breath due to blockage of air caused by pleural effusion or fluid collection around the lungs or spread of tumor in the lungs.

7-Repeated respiratory illnesses like bronchitis and pneumonia are a cause for concern. This could be indicative of lung cancer.

The cancer metastasizes or spreads to other organs in the body; if it goes undetected in the first or early stages. Lung cancer usually is found to spread to the bones, the brain, liver, pericardium or the lining of the heart, adrenal glands and also from one lung to another. The spread of the cancer brings with it the onset of more symptoms like -

1-Bone pain if the cancer has spread to the bones. The pain is felt in the back bone or vertebrae, the thigh bones and the bones making up the ribs.

2-Headaches, weakness of vision, numbness of appendages, dizziness and seizures if the spread of the cancer is to the brain.

3-Jaundice is caused when the liver is affected by the liver. This is usually not detected and is discovered much later. Initial symptoms of the cancer spreading to liver are nonexistent.

4-If the spread of cancer affects the lymph nodes then lumps appear on the surface of the body usually in the neck or above the collar bone.

Clubbed fingers, anemia, fatigue, weight loss, muscle weakness, skin rashes, low sodium content, degeneration of brain etc are all symptoms that have been found to exist in all types of cancer including lung cancer. Incidental chest x rays performed for other infections help in the identification of the condition since there are no specific symptoms that point towards cancer of the lung.

To Your Health!

Bladder Cancer: Bladder is the hollow organ which stores urine and waste extracts produced by the kidneys. Bladder cancer occurs due to the unusual growth of bladder cells in the inner lining of the bladder walls without controlling limit. Due to the abnormality function of these cells they form a tissue which is termed as tumor.

Bladder cells plays major role in defining bladder cancer. All the organs and tissues in the body are made up by tiny body cells. These cells have a constant process of dying and replacing new cells. This is the general process carried by them, if there is any malfunction in their life cycle then there is a chance for the occurrence of cancer. Tumor occurs due to the formation of excess cells in the body. There are two types of Tumors one is benign tumor and the other is malignant tumor .Benign tumor is not cancerous but can cause damage to the adjacent organs if it grows continuously at a single site. Malignant tumor is cancerous, it spreads through out the body and damages the entire body organs.

There are different types of cells in the bladder in which the cells which are lining inside the bladder wall are having more chances to develop cancer. They are total three different types of bladder cancers .

• Transitional cell carcinoma ( urothelial carcinoma): This is the most common type of bladder cancer. This cancer occurs due to the changes of transition cells which present in the inner lining of the bladder wall.

• Squamous cell carcinoma: This cancer occurs due to the inflammation or infection of the bladder.

• Adenocarcinoma cancer: This cancer occurs due to the growth of unnecessary glands in the bladder. These glands produce mucus which causes infection and inflammation in the bladder size.

Causes of Bladder cancer: There is no exact reason for the occurrence of bladder cancer, but the risk factors for bladder cancer can be identified. Here is the list of risk factors for bladder cancer.

Risk factors of Bladder cancer:

• Age
• Gender
• Smoking
• Alcohols
• Family pedigree
• External beam radiation
• Infection of parasites
• Urinary stones
• Inflammation of bladder
• High saturated fat foods
• Diet and food intake

Symptoms of bladder cancer:

• Blood in the urination
• Urination pain
• Regular feel of urination
• Infections
• Bladder stones

These are the symptoms and signs for the bladder cancer. If the symptoms persist for longer time then consult the doctor for screening purpose.

Treatment for Bladder cancer:

There are total four types of treatment available for bladder cancer, they are:

Surgery: surgery is the most common of type of treatment available for removing the tumor. The kind of treatment is decided well by the doctor by determining the stage and severity of the cancer. They are total three types of surgeries which can be carried by identifying the severity of the cancer.

• Transurethral resection: This kind of treatment is carried by inserting a cystoscope into the urethra and from there the tumor is removed by using some tools. After that, the affected area is burned to kill the remaining cancer cells by using electric current, this process is called as fulguration.

• Radical cystectomy: This surgery is carried for treating invasive bladder cancer. In this treatment the entire bladder is removed along with the adjacent effected organs for stopping spreading of the disease.

• Segmental cystectomy: This treatment process is useful in removing the only effected part in the bladder. This operation is carried to clear the entire effected part of the bladder.

Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is one of the treatment methods useful in killing cancer causing cells by the usage of drugs. This treatment process is carried by either pills or through intravascular injections. The anti-cancer drug enters into the bloodstream and travels towards the damaged tissues and destroys the caner cells.
Chemotherapeutic drugs attacks the cancer cells by stopping their unusual growth. The nature of the cancer cells were brought to the normal condition by controlling the divisibility of the cells. These drugs are carried in the bloodstream to kill destroy all the cancer cells within short period of time.

Radiotherapy: Radiotherapy is a process for removing cancer cells in bladder by using high intensity x-rays. These high energy x-rays are aimed at the cancer affected part of the body to destroy the cancer cells. This process causes damage to the normal cells for its side effects. There are two types of radiotherapy treatments they are.

• External radiations: Radiations are given from the external side of the body. These radiations are aimed at the effected area from outside the body.
• Internal radiations: Radiations are passed into the body by making some small incisions in the bladder area. This treatment gives better results than the external radiation therapy.

Biotherapy: Due to weak immune system in the body, there are chances for the development of cancer. So, this Biotherapy treatment process is useful in rebuilding strong immune system in the body. Biotherapy is also called as immunotherapy or biological response modifier therapy. This treatment process is really useful in repairing, enhancing and stimulating the weak immune system of the body. This process can be carried along with surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Bladder cancer is treated as a serious problem due to its effects. Bladder cancer can spread to other parts of the body so, please consult the doctors if you notice any of the symptoms mentioned above.Bladder cancer can also cause ovarian cancer due to metastatic characteristics.

In the event that you are unfamiliar with what prostate cancer is, it is the abnormal growth of all of the cells within the prostate gland, the prostate gland is considered to be a major part of the male reproductive system. The prostate cancer symptoms may or may not occur within men that are suffering from this condition. Since prostate cancer is a type of cancer that develops slowly, there are some men that have the disease that may not even realize it.

Within the early stages of prostate cancer, the prostate cancer symptoms aren’t evident. Relatively speaking, the screening process for prostate cancer is simple to perform, with a PSA test and a prostate examination annually. The majority of patients that have prostate cancer are going to be identified and with a high chance of finding a cure relatively. Overall, screening for all of these diseases is just a fact of modern day medicine.

In relationship to prostate cancer, this issue is rather complex, because the overall benefit to all of the patients is very far from being completely clear. A screening is performed before you ever have any of the symptoms of cancer, just to test to see if the cancer is present. When a screening test is performed, it can normally find cancer in its early stages.

All of the prostate cancer symptoms are the essential key to determining whether or not an individual is at risk for developing prostate cancer. With all of the early self-diagnosis, one will be able to create a detour completely away from prostate cancer’s deadly route. Prostate cancer symptoms within their early stages can reflect characteristics such as urinary incontinence and difficulties.

Often, there are men that experience frequent urination, even though the amount of urine that is passed is quiet small. Often, the urinary incontinence follows menopause or childbirth. Prostatic or urine fluid cytology could reveal some cells that look rather unusual. You should also take into consideration that all of the experts report that the PSA tests aren’t reliable any that they are searching for all of the better ways that they can diagnose prostate cancer.

Prostatic or urine fluid cytology could reveal some rather unusual cells. One of the other tests that are normally performed when all of the prostate cancer symptoms are present is the DRE or digital rectal exam which is performed by the oncologist, proctologist, and doctor. All of the blood within the urine is normally a symptom of something other than the prostate cancer.

However, within individuals that do have the prostate cancer, a presence of blood within the urine could be an indicator that the condition has advanced or either it has spread from the prostate and on into the urethra or bladder. Normally, the blood tests will confirm this diagnosis.

Kidneys are part of the urinary tract. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs about the same size as a fist. They are located near the middle of the back, one on either side of the spine. Urine collects in a hollow space (renal pelvis) in the middle of each kidney. They make urine by removing wastes and extra water from the blood. It passes from the renal pelvis into the bladder through a tube called a ureter. Urine leaves the body through another tube (the urethra). The kidneys are part of the body system called the urinary system.

It is made up the Kidneys,Ureters,Bladder,Prostate (in men) and Urethra.The kidneys filter the blood. As the blood passes through the kidneys, waste products and unneeded water are collected and turned into urine. The urine is gathered in an area called the renal pelvis at the centre of each kidney. From here it drains into the bladder down a tube called the ureter. There are 2 ureters one from each kidney. Another tube called the urethra carries the urine from the bladder out of the body.

Kidney cancer most happens in people over 40. Risk factors include smoking, having certain genetic conditions and misusing pain medicines for a long time. Each kidney has about 1 million nephrons. Inside the nephrons, waste products in the blood move across from the bloodstream (the capillaries) into the urine-carrying tubes inside the nephron. These tubes are called tubules. As the blood passes through the blood vessels of the nephron, all unwanted waste is taken away. Any chemicals needed by the body are kept or returned to the bloodstream by the nephrons. In this way, the kidney helps to regulate the levels of chemicals in the blood such as sodium and potassium. So the right levels are maintained to keep the body healthy.

Causes of Kidney Cancer

Kidneys is a part of urinary system, which removes waste and excess fluid and electrolytes from your blood, controls the production of red blood cells. Different cancers have different risk factors. First is Cigarette smoking increases the risk of getting kidney cancer by about 40%. Cigarette smokers are twice as likely as nonsmokers to develop kidney cancer. Second is overweight person has a much higher risk of getting kidney cancer and last is job increases the risk of kidney cancer.others risk factors is High blood pressureand some Medicines, such as pain-reliever (phenacetin).

Symptoms of Kidney Cancer

Common symptoms of kidney cancer include is Blood in the urine (making the urine slightly rusty to deep red) ,Pain in the side that does not go away ,A lump or mass in the side or the abdomen ,Weight loss ,Fever ,Feeling very tired and Fatigue.

Treatment of Kidney Cancer

Surgery is the standard treatment for contained kidney cancer. Arterial embolization is a type of local therapy that shrinks the tumor. Sometimes it is done before an operation to make surgery easier.Biologic therapies are used more frequently. Biological therapy uses the body’s natural ability (immune system) to fight cancer. It uses substances that travel through the bloodstream, reaching and affecting cells all over the body. Radiation and chemotherapy are not very effective in treating kidney cancer. Chemotherapy is also a type of systemic therapy. Medications such as alpha-interferon and interleukin-2 (IL-2) have been successful in reducing the growth of some renal cell carcinomas, including some with metastasis.

Bladder Cancer
What is this condition?

Bladder cancer is a tumor that develops on the surface of the bladder wall or that grows within the bladder wall and quickly invades underlying muscles. Bladder tumors are most common in men over age 50 and occur more often in densely populated industrial areas.
What causes it?

Certain carcinogenic substances can predispose a person to bladder cancer. These include 2-naphthylamine, benzidine, tobacco, and nitrates. So, workers in certain industries – rubber workers, weavers, leather finishers, aniline dye workers, hairdressers, petroleum workers, and spray painters – are at high risk.
What are its symptoms?

About 25% of people with bladder cancer have no symptoms during the early stages. Typically, the person first notices blood in the urine. Usually, this is painless, but people with invasive cancers may have pain above the pubic area after urinating. Other symptoms include bladder irritability, frequent urination, nighttime urination, and urine dribbling.
How is it diagnosed?

To confirm bladder cancer, the doctor will do a biopsy (in which he or she removes some bladder tissue) and will insert an instrument called a cystoscope into the urethra to visualize the urinary tract (this procedure is called cystoscopy).

The person should have cystoscopy when blood first appears in the urine. The doctor will try to determine if the tumor has invaded the prostate gland or nearby lymph nodes.

Other tests that provide important information about the tumor include urinalysis, X-rays of the urinary system, X-rays of the bladder and blood vessels in the pelvis using contrast dyes, computed tomography scan (commonly called CAT scan), and ultrasound.
How is it treated?

The surgeon will remove a superficial bladder tumor by a procedure called transurethral resection and fulguration (electrical destruction). This procedure is adequate if the tumor has not invaded the muscle.

To treat superficial tumors (especially those occurring in mall” sites) and to help prevent the cancer from recurring, the doctor may wash the bladder directly with anticancer drugs.

If more tumors develop, fulguration may have to be repeated every 3 months for years. But if the tumors invade the muscle layer or recur frequently, cystoscopy with fulguration is no longer appropriate.
Treating larger tumors

If the tumor is too large to be treated by means of a cystoscope, the surgeon will remove a section of the bladder – provided that the tumor isn’t near the bladder neck or the openings of the ureters (the pair of tubes that carry urine from the kidneys into the bladder). To help control such tumors, the drug thiotepa may be instilled into the bladder after surgery.
Treating infiltrating tumors

Bladder removal (also called radical cystectomy) is the preferred treatment for an infiltrating bladder tumor. The week before the operation, the person may undergo external beam therapy to the bladder. Then, during surgery, the doctor removes the bladder along with adjacent fat, lymph nodes, the urethra, the prostate and seminal vesicles (pouches in the lower part of the bladder surface in males), and the uterus and some nearby structures (in females). The surgeon forms a channel for urine drainage, called a urinary diversion. The most common type of channel is called an ileal conduit. The person must then wear an external pouch at all times to collect and drain the urine.

Males are impotent after radical cystectomy and urethrectomy (removal of the urethra or a part of it) because these procedures damage the nerves that control erection and ejaculation. Later, they may desire a penile implant to make sexual intercourse (without ejaculation) possible.

Treating advanced bladder cancer

Treatment for advanced bladder cancer includes surgical removal of the bladder, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy with such drugs as cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cisplatin. This combination sometimes can halt bladder cancer.

Experimental treatments

Researchers are investigating several treatments, including photodynamic therapy and administration of the drugs interferon alfa and tumor necrosis factor directly into the bladder. In photodynamic therapy, the person receives an intravenous injection of a photosensitizing agent, such as hematoporphyrin ether, which cancer cells readily absorb. Then a cystoscopic laser device delivers laser energy into the bladder, killing the cancer cells. This treatment also causes photosensitivity in normal cells, so the person must avoid all sunlight for about 30 days.

What is Skin cancer: Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer found in humans. Around 1 million skin cancer cases were registered for every early and this annual rate is increasing drastically due to increase in risk factors. Skin cancer can be recognized by the changes in appearance of the skin. Skin cancer causes the skin cells to grow rapidly without any controlling limit.

Skin cancer is a combination of several diseases with different types of causes, symptoms and treatments. Skin cancer effects the basic life cycle of the cells and causes an abnormal growth and division of cells without any controlling limit, then it results in forming tumor (excess tissue) in the body.

Tumors are of two types, they are as follows:

• Benign tumor
• Malignant tumor

Benign tumor: This tumor is not cancerous. They can be treated easily. They don’t spread to other parts of the body. If this tumor continues to grow in the same site for long time then it causes damage to the distant organs.

Malignant tumor: This tumor is cancerous, they causes damage to the adjacent organs by spreading the cancer cells at high rate. The cells in this tumor invade the distant organs and forms new tumors through blood flow or by lymphatic system. The new tumor has the same characteristic features of the primary tumor. For example, if the skin cancer spreads to the lungs, the cancer cells in the lungs are actually belonging to the skin cancer cells. Then this disease is called as metastatic skin cancer.

Skin cancer types: Skin cancer is categorized into three different types they are

• Basal cell carcinoma
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Melanoma

Basal cell carcinoma: This skin cancer is not metastatic .It doesn’t spread to other parts but causes damage to nearby tissues. The risk factors for basal cell carcinoma are listed below. The basal cell carcinoma looks like dome shaped bump. This bump shape is covered by the telangiectases blood vessels .the starting stage of this benign tumor cannot be detected easily because it is shiny and translucent. With the biopsy process we can detect the starting age of this skin cancer. Some of the carcinomas contain melanin pigment which makes the tumor to look dark rather than shiny.
Basal cell carcinomas generally appear on the back side or chest. Basal cell carcinomas make the skin dry with raw patches. These carcinomas take several years to grow into uncontrolled size and damage the nearby senses by disfiguring ear, nose or eye.

Squamous cell carcinoma: This cancer occurs in the squamous cells. These carcinomas appear to be thin, flat cells which look like fish scales. These Squamous cells present in the surface tissues of the skin. So if there is any abnormality in the squamous cells, then Squamous cell carcinoma occurs. Due to excess growth of squamous carcinoma cells a mound is formed which is called as keratoacanthoma.

Risk factors of basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma and Melanoma:

Age: This type of skin cancer occurs after the age of 50 years. But the sun burning effects starts in the early stage.

Sun exposure: People who face severe blistering sunburns can have the chance of occurring melanoma cancer. So, sunburns in young age will be a risk factor for casing basal cell carcinoma cancer. Take sun lotion creams to avoid the risk factor of melanoma cancer.

UV radiation: Due to long exposure to the ultraviolet radiations, the chances of having basal cell carcinoma cancer increases. People who stay in the sun for longer time will have more risk factors. Due to this UV rays the skin becomes grey and causes skin irritation. Aging of the skin appears due to increase in risk factors. So, please stay away from UV rays to reduce the risk factors of basal cell carcinoma cancer.

Therapeutic treatment: Taking this treatment for curing other cancer diseases can increase the chance of having basal cell carcinoma cancer.

Weak immune system: People with weak immune system will have more chances of getting skin cancer.

Family pedigree: Risk factors of skin cancer sometimes can be caused due to the family relation link. It some time runs in the families. So please take regular checkup to reduce the risk factors of this cancer.

Fair skin: People with fair skin have more chances to expose to melanoma cancer because it is easily burned and freaked out. So, people with fair skin should take some skin lotions to reduce the causing factors of melanoma cancer.

Having more moles on the body: Too many moles in the body can cause melanoma cancer for sure.

Skin cancer symptoms and signs:
• Gray skin
• Head aches
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Pain in moles
• Asymmetry
• Border irregularity
• Color diameter
• Weight loss
• Chronic cough
• Skin thickening
• Itching, tingling, Irritations.
• Redness
• Swelling
• Patches
• bleeding
Treatment for basal cell carcinoma and Squamous cell carcinoma:

Surgical operation: Surgery operation is carried to remove the entire tumor. This process is useful during the early stages of the tumor occurrence.

Curettage and desiccation: Curette is the instrument used by the dermatologists to remove the tumor by scooping out the cell carcinoma. And desiccation is the electric current process useful in burning the remained cancer cells. This treatment is carried for small cancers.

Radiation therapy: This treatment is based on the extent of the skin disease. Radiotherapy is a process of removing carcinoma cancer cells by using high intensity x-rays. These high energy x-rays are aimed at the effected part of the skin surface to destroy the cancer cells.

Cryo surgery: This is a new process evolved in treating the carcinoma cancer cells. In this process the cancer causing cells in the body are destroyed completely by injecting a freezing liquid through intravascular veins of the body. The freezing liquid used in this treatment process is nothing but argon or liquid nitrogen. This freezing liquid is directly injected into the body for the removal of cancer cells. This treatment is given when there is advancement in the skin cancer. This treatment produces side effects like damage to the urethra and bladder by damaging normal cells.

Mohs micrographic surgery: This treatment process gives 98 percent of success rate in removing carcinoma cells. This treatment causes very low side effects and damages very less normal cells. This process is carried by making small incision to the effected part of the body for removing the entire carcinoma tumor or part of it by micrographic instruments. The sequence of removing carcinoma cells is carried continuously without causing any pain. The cure rate is very high and this is the best process for treating advanced skin cancers.

Medical therapy by using creams: This treatment can be taken to avoid surgery. This medical therapy creams kills the cancer cells and increases the body immune system to protect from infections.

Treatment of melanoma cancer:
Surgery: Surgery is carried to remove the cancer tumor. Surgery can be carried in the early stages of the tumor occurrence. Surgery is taken place only if the cancer is located in only one part of the body. During the surgery process the damaged lymph nodes are also removed along with the tumor. This surgery process depends on the location, area and size of the tumor.

Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy drugs are called as anti-cancer drugs used to destroy cancer cells .there are many types of chemotherapy drugs available in the market for the treatment of cancer. These drugs are available in the form of pills but mostly given by drip into the blood veins.

Radiotherapy: Radiotherapy is a process of removing cancer cells by using high intensity x-rays. These high energy x-rays are aimed at the cancer affected part of the body to destroy the cancer cells. This process also causes damage to the normal cells for its side effects.

Biotherapy: Due to weak immune system in the body, there are chances for the development of cancer. So this Biotherapy treatment process is useful in rebuilding strong immune system in the body. Biotherapy is also called as immunotherapy or biological response modifier therapy. This treatment process is really useful in repairing, enhancing and stimulating the weak immune system of the body. This process can be carried along with surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Melanoma cancer is treated as the serious skin cancer disease due to its risk factors. It is treated as a malignant tumor because it spreads through out the body. The treatment for this melanoma cancer should be carried in the early stages to cure it completely.

Basal cell carcinoma and Squamous cell carcinoma are most common type of skin cancers found in people. These two types of skin cancers are together called as Non-melanoma skin cancer. Melanoma skin cancer is termed as metastatic skin cancer because of its serious effects. Melanoma is a serious type of skin cancer which spreads through out the body.